JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services
Volume 32, Issue 5 , Pages 74-85 , May 2007

Holding Back: Issues in patient restraint

  • Bryan E. Bledsoe, DO, FACEP, EMT-P

      Affiliations

    • Bryan E. Bledsoe, DO, FACEP, EMT-P, is an emergency physician and EMS author from Midlothian, Texas. He completed his residency training at Scott and White Hospital in Temple, Texas.
    • ,
  • David Phillips, BS, EMT-P

      Affiliations

    • David Phillips, BS, EMT-P, is a paramedic and president/CEO of Central Texas Regional EMS.

References 

  1. Bell MD , Rao VJ , Wetli CV , et al.   “Positional asphyxiation in adults. A series of 30 cases from Dade and Broward County Florida Medical Examiner Offices from 1982 to 1990” . American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology . 1992;13(2):101–107
  2. Reay DT , Fligner CL , Stillwell AD , et al.   “Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport” . American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology . 1992;13(2):90–97
  3. Stratton SJ , Rogers C , Green K . “Sudden death in individuals in hobble restraints during paramedic transport” . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 1995;25(5):710–712
  4. O'Halloran RL , Lewman LV . “Restraint asphyxiation in excited delirium” . American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology . 1993;14(4):289–295
  5. Roeggla M , Wagner A , Muellner M , et al.   “Cardiorespiratory consequences to hobble restraint” . Wien Klin Wochenschr . 1997;109(10):359–361
  6. Chan TC , Vilke GM , Neuman T , et al.   “Restraint position and positional asphyxia” . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 1997;30(5):578–586
  7. Schmidt P , Snowden T . “The effects of positional restraint on heart rate and oxygen saturation” . The Journal of Emergency Medicine . 1999;17(5):777–782
  8. Chan TC , Vilke GM , Neuman T . “Reexamination of custody restraint position and positional asphyxia” . American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology . 1998;19(3):201–205
  9. Hick JL , Smith SW , Lynch MT . “Metabolic acidosis in restraint-associated cardiac arrest: a case series” . Academic Emergency Medicine . 1999;6(3):239–243
  10. Ross DL . “Factors associated with excited delirium deaths in police custody” . Modern Pathology . 1998;11(11):1127–1137
  11. Pollanen MS , Chiasson DA , Cairns JT , et al.   “Unexpected death related to restraint for excited delirium: A retrospective study of deaths in police custody and in the community” . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 1998;158(12):1603–1607
  12. Stratton SJ , Rogers C , Brickett K , et al.   “Factors associated with sudden death of individuals requiring restraint for excited delirium” . American Journal of Emergency Medicine . 2001;19(3):187–191
  13. United States Department of Transportation  , National Highway Traffic Safety Administration  . Emergency Medical Technician-Basic: National Standard Curriculum . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995;
  14. Kupas DF , Wydro GC . (Position paper: National Association of EMS Physicians.) “Patient restraint in emergency medical services systems” . Prehospital Emergency Care . 2002;6(3):340–345

PII: S0197-2510(07)72198-8

doi: 10.1016/S0197-2510(07)72198-8

JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services
Volume 32, Issue 5 , Pages 74-85 , May 2007

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